Data Conference Databasea Query.Farm index
Companies

AMD

Product category (jev): Cloud infrastructure 100% confident
Org type (jev): Hardware 100% confident
Also listed as: AMD (Advance Micro Devices, Inc) · AMD-Xilinx
Conferences sponsored16
Events sponsored54
Speaker slots12154 distinct people
Conferences present at21sponsor or speaker
Years active2019–2026

Circuit mix

Where AMD shows up, by circuit. Each event counts once: 2 if it sponsored, 1 if it only had speakers. Hover a segment for the conference.

Presence by conference and year

Each cell is one conference in one year. Fill shows the company sponsored, shaded by its best tier that year; a dot means it had speakers there. Hover for details; click to open the event.

Activity by year

Three measures on one year axis; each panel has its own scale. 2027, 2028 is still mostly ahead, so its bars are faded and incomplete.

Conferences present at

Distinct conferences each year, split by whether the company sponsored or only had speakers there.

  • Sponsored
  • Speakers only

Distinct speakers

People from this company on a program that year, each counted once.

Sponsorships by tier

Sponsorship rows per year (one per event and listing), stacked by normalized tier.

  • Title
  • Platinum
  • Gold
  • Silver
  • Bronze
  • Other / unlabeled

Where they've grown or pulled back

UpSponsored 7 conferences in 2026, up from 6 in 2023.

Counted per conference. 2026 is the latest year whose conferences have mostly happened. Tiers use the best tier each year; swatches show the path, oldest first. A conference counts as pulled out only when a later event published a complete sponsor list, since most events don’t say whether their list is complete.

New 6

First sponsored in 2025 or later.

Moved up 3

Best tier rose between the first and latest year with a ranked tier.

Moved down 1

Best tier fell between the first and latest year with a ranked tier.

Pulled out 4

Not sponsored since 2024 or earlier, though a later event published a complete sponsor list without them.

Steady 1

Sponsored in most years of its span at the same tier.

Once or on and off 1

No clear direction, or a gap we can’t confirm because later sponsor lists are incomplete.

Lookalikes

Companies with the most similar conference footprint: they sponsor and speak at the same conferences. Bars are cosine similarity, from 0 (nothing shared) to 1 (identical).

  1. Intel0.81
  2. Hewlett Packard Enterprise0.76
  3. MemVerge0.76
  4. Equinix0.75
  5. LSEG0.74
  6. VAST Data0.74
  7. Xilinx0.73
  8. Groq0.72

15 Cluster: STAC Summit · The AI Summit circuit →

Often sponsors alongside

Companies that sponsored the same events, by number of shared events (out of 54 this company sponsored).

Neighborhood: companies with nearby conference footprints

AMD (ringed) and the 30 companies closest to it on the company map. Close together means they sponsor and speak at many of the same conferences. Distances are only meaningful locally; the axes have no meaning. Dot size: conferences present at. Color: cluster.

AMDHewlett Packard EnterpriseMinIOVAST DataSiemensLenovoNomuraWEKACME GroupDell TechnologiesCoreWeavePure StorageXilinxRun:aiCredit SuisseGroqLSEGBTWorld Wide TechnologyDDNGraphcoreEquinixNutanixLiquid TechnologySafranSambaNovaMemVergeIntelToshiba
AMDHewlett Packard EnterpriseMinIOVAST DataSiemensLenovoNomuraWEKACME GroupDell TechnologiesCoreWeavePure StorageXilinxRun:aiCredit SuisseGroqEverpureLSEGBTWorld Wide TechnologyDDNGraphcoreEquinixNutanixSambaNovaIntel

Sponsorships 54

EventDatePlaceTier as listedNormalized tier
Microsoft Frontier Tour Utrecht 2026Dec 10, 2026Utrecht, NetherlandsFeatured partner Other
NeurIPS 2026 (Sydney)Dec 6–12, 2026Sydney, AustraliaPlatinum Platinum
Microsoft Frontier Tour London 2026Oct 21, 2026London, United KingdomFeatured partner Other
STAC Summit New York, Fall 2026Oct 21, 2026New York, United StatesPlatinum Platinum
PyTorch Conference North America 2026Oct 20–21, 2026San Jose, United StatesDiamond Title
Data Decoded MCR 2026Oct 13–14, 2026Manchester, United KingdomExhibitor Other
STAC Summit London, Fall 2026Oct 6, 2026London, United KingdomPlatinum Platinum
STAC Summit Tokyo, Fall 2026Sep 15, 2026Tokyo, JapanGold Gold
STAC Summit Sydney, Fall 2026Sep 10, 2026Sydney, AustraliaGold Gold
AICon 全球人工智能开发与应用大会 | 上海Jun 26–27, 2026Shanghai, China金牌赞助商 Gold
STAC Summit Chicago, Spring 2026Jun 4, 2026Chicago, United StatesGold Gold
STAC Summit New York, Spring 2026May 20, 2026New York, United StatesGold Gold
STAC Summit London, Spring 2026Apr 29, 2026London, United KingdomPlatinum Platinum
Data Decoded LDN 2026Apr 22–23, 2026London, United KingdomExhibitor Other
Google Cloud Next '26Apr 22–24, 2026Las Vegas, United StatesPremier Gold
STAC Summit Hong Kong, Spring 2026Apr 15, 2026Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR ChinaGold Gold
PyTorch Conference Europe 2026Apr 7–8, 2026Paris, FranceDiamond Title
AWS re:Invent 2025Dec 1–5, 2025Las Vegas, United StatesDiamond Title
PASS Data Community Summit 2025Nov 17–21, 2025Seattle, United StatesSapphire sponsors Title
STAC Summit New York, Fall 2025Oct 28, 2025New York, United StatesPLATINUM SPONSORS Platinum
PyTorch Conference 2025Oct 22–23, 2025San Francisco, United StatesDiamond Title
Data Decoded MCR 2025Oct 21–22, 2025Manchester, United KingdomExhibitor Other
STAC Summit London, Fall 2025Oct 7, 2025London, United KingdomPLATINUM SPONSORS Platinum
STAC Summit New York, Spring 2025May 13, 2025New York, United StatesPLATINUM SPONSORS Platinum
STAC Summit London, Spring 2025Apr 29, 2025London, United KingdomPLATINUM SPONSOR Platinum
STAC Summit London, Fall 2024Dec 3, 2024London, United KingdomGOLD SPONSORS Gold
AWS re:Invent 2024Dec 2–6, 2024Las Vegas, United StatesDiamond Title
STAC Summit Chicago, Fall 2024Oct 29, 2024Chicago, United StatesPLATINUM SPONSORS Platinum
STAC Summit New York, Fall 2024Oct 17, 2024New York, United StatesPLATINUM SPONSORS Platinum
SQLSaturday Boston #1086Oct 5, 2024Burlington, United StatesIn partnership with Other
PyTorch Conference 2024Sep 18–19, 2024San Francisco, United StatesDiamond Title
STAC Summit Asia (Singapore), Spring 2024Jun 27, 2024Singapore, SingaporeGOLD SPONSORS Gold
STAC Summit Chicago, Spring 2024May 30, 2024Chicago, United StatesPLATINUM SPONSORS Platinum
STAC Summit New York, Spring 2024May 14, 2024New York, United StatesPLATINUM SPONSORS Platinum
STAC Summit London, Spring 2024May 2, 2024London, United KingdomGOLD SPONSORS Gold
SQLBits 2024Mar 19–23, 2024Farnborough, United KingdomHeadline Title
World AI Cannes Festival 2024Feb 8–10, 2024Cannes, FranceDiamond Title
AWS re:Invent 2023Nov 27, 2023 – Dec 1, 2023Las Vegas, United StatesDiamond Title
STAC Summit London, Fall 2023Nov 9, 2023London, United KingdomPLATINUM SPONSORS Platinum
STAC Summit Chicago, Fall 2023Oct 31, 2023Chicago, United StatesPLATINUM SPONSORS Platinum
STAC Summit New York, Fall 2023Oct 19, 2023New York, United StatesPLATINUM SPONSORS Platinum
PyTorch Conference 2023Oct 16–17, 2023Burlingame, United StatesPlatinum Platinum
Data + AI Summit 2023Jun 26–29, 2023San Francisco, United StatesSilver Sponsors Silver
The AI Summit London 2023Jun 14–15, 2023London, United KingdomSilver Sponsors Silver
World AI Cannes Festival 2023Feb 9–11, 2023Cannes, FranceDiamond Title
AWS re:Invent 2022Nov 28, 2022 – Dec 2, 2022Las Vegas, United StatesDiamond Title
6th Annual TMLS 2022Nov 22–30, 2022Toronto, CanadaGold Sponsors Gold
Data + AI Summit 2022Jun 27–30, 2022San Francisco, United StatesBronze Bronze
The AI Summit London 2022Jun 15–16, 2022London, United KingdomIndustry Partners Title
AWS re:Invent 2021Nov 29, 2021 – Dec 3, 2021Las Vegas, United StatesDiamond Title
AWS re:Invent 2019Dec 2–6, 2019Las Vegas, United StatesPlatinum Platinum
Strata Data Conference New York 2019Sep 23–26, 2019New York, United StatesExhibitors Other
Strata Data Conference London 2019Apr 29, 2019 – May 2, 2019London, United KingdomExhibitors Other
Strata Data Conference San Francisco 2019Mar 25–28, 2019San Francisco, United StatesExhibitors Other

Speakers 121

SpeakerEventRoleTalkLinks
Jeremy GirvenAWS re:Invent 2026lightning talkFrom Databases to Agentic AI: Powering Innovation with AMD EPYC on AWS (sponsored by AMD)—
Madhusudhan RangarajanAWS re:Invent 2026breakoutPowering Agentic AI with Real - Time Market Data Transformation for LSEG (sponsored by AMD)—
Manish AminAWS re:Invent 2026breakoutAccelerating Fusion Innovation with AMD EPYC on AWS HPC, Analytics, and Agentic AI (sponsored by AMD)—
Mike ThompsonAWS re:Invent 2026breakoutPowering Agentic AI with Real - Time Market Data Transformation for LSEG (sponsored by AMD)—
Ray PradoAWS re:Invent 2026lightning talkFrom Databases to Agentic AI: Powering Innovation with AMD EPYC on AWS (sponsored by AMD)—
David HarmonPASS Summit West 2026speakerYour SQL Called, It Wants More Speed—
Davor FrankSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2026speakerAccelerating AI and low latency with AMD—
Davor FrankSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2026panelistWhen bandwidth is king, what happens to latency?—
Michael FernandezSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2026speakerAMD AI Solutions—
Alastair RichardsonSTAC Summit London, Fall 2026speakerAccelerating AI and Low Latency with AMD—
Sachin DhingraSTAC Summit London, Fall 2026speakerScaling AI Compute Across Financial Services—
Alastair RichardsonSTAC Summit Tokyo, Fall 2026speakerAccelerating AI and Low Latency with AMD—
Alastair RichardsonSTAC Summit Sydney, Fall 2026speakerAccelerating AI and Low Latency with AMD—
Daniele BagniPy4AI 2026speaker——
Matthew CertosimoSTAC Summit Chicago, Spring 2026speakerAMD FPGA Update: STAC-ML Benchmarks and CXL with Versal Premium Gen2—
Matthew CertosimoSTAC Summit New York, Spring 2026speakerAMD FPGA Update: STAC-ML Benchmarks and CXL with Versal Premium Gen2—
Alastair RichardsonSTAC Summit London, Spring 2026speakerAMD Solarflare and EPYC: Better Together—
Michael McGuirkSTAC Summit London, Spring 2026speakerAMD FPGA Update - STAC-ML and Versal Premium Gen 2 with CXL—
David HarmonSQLBits 2026speakerMicrosoft SQL and AMD in the era of AIVideo
Shiva GurumurthySQLBits 2026keynoteThe Roadmap for One SQL: Edge to PaaS to SaaSVideo
Shiva GurumurthySQLBits 2026speakerAmp Up Your SQL Server Infrastructure for AIVideo
Alastair RichardsonSTAC Summit Hong Kong, Spring 2026speakerAdapting to CPU architectures and accelerating the network—
Daniel HolandaPyTorch Conference Europe 2026lightning talkLightning Talk: From Pretrained To Personal: Privacy-First Fine-Tuning on AI PCs—
Felix MartyPyTorch Conference Europe 2026posterPoster Presentations: Inference & Production—
Haichen ZhangPyTorch Conference Europe 2026lightning talkLightning Talk: Training Embedding Model Resiliently for Multimodal Model Inference Routing—
Iswarya AlexPyTorch Conference Europe 2026lightning talkLightning Talk: From Pretrained To Personal: Privacy-First Fine-Tuning on AI PCs—
Liz LiPyTorch Conference Europe 2026speakerBringing PyTorch Monarch to AMD GPUs: Single-Controller Distributed Training on ROCm—
Pablo Monteagudo LagoPyTorch Conference Europe 2026speakerBrevitas Quantization Library—
Ramine RoanePyTorch Conference Europe 2026keynoteSponsored Keynote: From One Node to Distributed Training and Inference. How the PyTorch Ecosystem Changed AI—
Zachary StreeterPyTorch Conference Europe 2026speakerBringing PyTorch Monarch to AMD GPUs: Single-Controller Distributed Training on ROCm—
Jan-Patrick LehrFOSDEM 2026speakerROCm™ on TheRock(s)Video
Anush ElangovanAWS re:Invent 2025lightning talkSupercharge your Karpenter: Tactics for smarter K8s optimization (sponsored by Zesty)Video
Mike ThompsonAWS re:Invent 2025breakoutWhy Your Processor Matters for AI Inference and General Compute (sponsored by AMD)Video
Natasha SampsonAWS re:Invent 2025lightning talkSupercharge your Karpenter: Tactics for smarter K8s optimization (sponsored by Zesty)Video
Sharon ZhouAWS re:Invent 2025breakoutCustomer Insights: Scaling Real-World AI with AMD (sponsored by AMD)Video
Alastair RichardsonSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2025speakerAdapting to new CPU Architectures and Accelerating the Network—
Faisal DadaSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2025speakerIntroducing the next generation AMD Low Latency NIC—
Yousuf KhanSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2025speakerBuilding the future of AI data centers with open systems—
Adeem JassaniPyTorch Conference 2025posterPoster Presentations: Ecosystem & Performance—
Aleksandr MalyshevPyTorch Conference 2025speakerEnabling VLLM V1 on AMD GPUs With Triton—
Andy LugoPyTorch Conference 2025lightning talkLightning Talk: Improved GEMM and SDPA Performance on ROCm With Composable Kernel—
Anush ElangovanPyTorch Conference 2025keynoteSponsor Keynote: Build AI Anywhere with ROCm™ Software: AMD and PyTorch Bring Cloud-to-Client Power to Developers—
Benjamin ConsolvoPyTorch Conference 2025posterPoster Presentations: Applied AI—
Liz LiPyTorch Conference 2025speakerEfficient MoE Pre-training at Scale on AMD GPUs With TorchTitan—
Sharon ZhouPyTorch Conference 2025keynoteKeynote Panel Discussion: Hardwares & Accelerators—
Yanyuan QinPyTorch Conference 2025speakerEfficient MoE Pre-training at Scale on AMD GPUs With TorchTitan—
JC BarataultData Decoded MCR 2025speakerAMD: Open Source and Protecting Your Data are in our DNA—
Alastair RichardsonSTAC Summit London, Fall 2025speakerBuilding the future of AI data centers with open systems—
Faisal DadaSTAC Summit London, Fall 2025speakerIntroducing the next generation AMD Low Latency NIC—
Faisal DadaSTAC Summit London, Fall 2025speakerAdapting to new CPU Architectures and Accelerating the Network—
David HarmonSQLBits 2025speakerSQL Server 2025 and AMD in the era of AI—
Vikram Appia9th Annual Toronto Machine Learning Summit (TMLS) 2025speakerTraining on AMD Instinct GPUs: From Pre-training to Fine-tuning and Post-training Strategies—
Michael McGuirkSTAC Summit New York, Spring 2025speakerSmart Data Cache Injection: Optimized data transfer between CPU and Accelerators—
Nilanjan ChatterjeeData Summit 2025speakerData Observability and Reliability Engineering in a Real-Time World—
Rick HughsonSTAC Summit New York, Spring 2025speakerChoosing the Right CPU for Your Application—
John CourtneySTAC Summit London, Spring 2025speakerSmart Data Cache Injection: Optimized data transfer between CPU and Accelerators—
John CourtneySTAC Summit London, Spring 2025panelistFrom data to decision: Accelerating ML inference in high-frequency trading—
Rick HughsonSTAC Summit London, Spring 2025speakerChoosing the Right CPU for Your Application—
Jan-Patrick LehrFOSDEM 2025speakerProgramming models with the ROCm™ compilerSlides · Video
John CourtneySTAC Summit London, Fall 2024speakerUltra Low Latency Trading with the latest Alveo Accelerators and AMD CPU's—
John CourtneySTAC Summit London, Fall 2024panelistShow me some love: Improving the FPGA “Engineer Experience”—
Brian HolleyAWS re:Invent 2024breakoutPixar & healthcare organizations’ optimized migration journeys to AMD (sponsored by AMD)Video
Mike ThompsonAWS re:Invent 2024breakoutAI on AMD in public cloud: Increased access at optimized cost & power (sponsored by AMD)Video
Ram PeddibhotlaAWS re:Invent 2024breakoutModernization at scale made easy with Netflix and Pinterest (sponsored by AMD)Video
Anil RajputQCon San Francisco 2024speakerUnleashing Llama's Potential: CPU-Based Fine-Tuning—
Rema HariharanQCon San Francisco 2024speakerUnleashing Llama's Potential: CPU-Based Fine-Tuning—
Matthew CertosimoSTAC Summit Chicago, Fall 2024panelistShow me some love: Improving the FPGA “Engineer Experience”—
Michael McGuirkSTAC Summit Chicago, Fall 2024speakerUltra Low Latency Trading with the latest Alveo Accelerators and AMD CPU's—
Michael McGuirkSTAC Summit Chicago, Fall 2024speakerLow Latency AI with the AMD Alveo V80 Accelerator—
Matthew CertosimoSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2024panelistShow me some love: Improving the FPGA “Engineer Experience”—
Michael McGuirkSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2024speakerLow Latency AI with the AMD Alveo V80 Accelerator—
Michael McGuirkSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2024speakerUltra Low Latency Trading with the latest Alveo Accelerators and AMD CPU's—
Anush ElangovanPyTorch Conference 2024keynoteSponsored Keynote: Accelerating AI: How AMD and PyTorch Drive Innovation with Seamless Day-0 Support and High Performance—
Jeff DailyPyTorch Conference 2024lightning talkLightning Talk: AOTriton: Ahead of Time Triton Kernel Libraries on ROCm—
Davor FrankSTAC Summit Asia (Singapore), Spring 2024speakerThreading the needle: Navigating constraints to compete in real time—
Matt CertosimoSTAC Summit Chicago, Spring 2024speakerThreading the needle: Navigating constraints to compete in real time—
Michael McGuirkSTAC Summit Chicago, Spring 2024speakerSurfing the gravity wells: Risk & trading analytics in an AI- and hyperscaler-dominated tech universe—
Michael McGuirkSTAC Summit Chicago, Spring 2024speakerHigh-Performance Trading with FPGA Accelerators, Low Latency NICs, and server-class processors—
Matt CertosimoSTAC Summit New York, Spring 2024speakerThreading the needle: Navigating constraints to compete in real time—
Michael McGuirkSTAC Summit New York, Spring 2024speakerHigh-Performance Trading with FPGA Accelerators, Low Latency NICs, and server-class processors—
John CourtneySTAC Summit London, Spring 2024speakerThreading the needle: Navigating constraints to compete in real time—
John CourtneySTAC Summit London, Spring 2024speakerHigh-Performance Trading with FPGA Accelerators, Low Latency NICs, and server-class processors—
Raghu NambiarSQLBits 2024keynoteSQLBits 2024 Opening KeynoteVideo
Jan-Patrick LehrFOSDEM 2024speakerAOMP Compiler Kung Fu: Mastering Optimization Flags and Environment Variables for PerformanceVideo
Brad SmithAWS re:Invent 2023breakoutConquer cloud challenges with a competitive edge for less with AMD (sponsored by AMD)Video
Mike ThompsonAWS re:Invent 2023breakoutDeploy new workloads efficiently without additional investments (sponsored by AMD)Video
Ram PeddibhotlaAWS re:Invent 2023breakoutConquer cloud challenges with a competitive edge for less with AMD (sponsored by AMD)Video
Hamid Reza SalehiSTAC Summit London, Fall 2023speakerTrade Smarter and Trade Faster with the New AMD FPGA accelerator for Ultra-Low Latency Trading—
Robert DeWittSTAC Summit London, Fall 2023speakerDesigning the right hardware stack for FPGA—
Hamid Reza SalehiSTAC Summit Chicago, Fall 2023speakerTrade Smarter and Trade Faster with the New AMD FPGA accelerator for Ultra-Low Latency Trading—
Robert DeWittSTAC Summit Chicago, Fall 2023speakerDesigning the right hardware stack for FPGA—
Hamid Reza SalehiSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2023speakerTrade Smarter and Trade Faster with the New AMD FPGA accelerator for Ultra-Low Latency Trading—
Robert DeWittSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2023speakerDesigning the right hardware stack for FPGA—
Benjamin ConsolvoPyTorch Conference 2023lightning talkLightning Talk: Seismic Data to Subsurface Models with OpenFWI—
Douglas LehrPyTorch Conference 2023lightning talkLightning Talk: PyTorch 2.0 on the ROCm Platform—
Negin OliverPyTorch Conference 2023keynoteKeynote: AMD & PyTorch: A Powerful Combination for Generative AI—
Davor FrankSTAC Summit New York, Spring 2023speakerAMD Together We Advance Financial Services—
Matt CertosimoSTAC Summit New York, Spring 2023speakerFPGA Hardware Acceleration in Electronic Trading, AI, and Data Analytics—
Matt CertosimoSTAC Summit New York, Spring 2023speakerFPGAs beyond ultra-low latency?—
Alastair RichardsonSTAC Summit Chicago, Spring 2023speakerAMD Together We Advance Financial Services—
Matt CertosimoSTAC Summit Chicago, Spring 2023speakerFPGAs beyond ultra-low latency?—
Matt CertosimoSTAC Summit Chicago, Spring 2023speakerFPGA Hardware Acceleration in Electronic Trading, AI, and Data Analytics—
Alastair RichardsonSTAC Summit London, Spring 2023speakerAMD Together We Advance Financial Services—
Alastair RichardsonSTAC Summit London, Spring 2023speakerFPGAs beyond ultra-low latency?—
Alastair RichardsonSTAC Summit Asia (Singapore), Spring 2023speakerFPGAs beyond ultra-low latency?—
Alastair RichardsonSTAC Summit Asia (Singapore), Spring 2023speakerAMD Together We Advance Financial Services—
Olivier CousinSTAC Summit London, Fall 2022speakerAdvancing open source in FPGA—
Davor FrankSTAC Summit Chicago, Fall 2022speakerAccelerating Trading Strategies with AMD Next Gen Low Latency Trading Platforms—
Matt CertosimoSTAC Summit Chicago, Fall 2022speakerOpen-Source Pros & Cons in the FPGA Development Flow—
Matt CertosimoSTAC Summit Chicago, Fall 2022speakerAdvancing open source in FPGA—
Hamid SalehiSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2022speakerAccelerating Trading Strategies with AMD Next Gen Low Latency Trading Platforms—
Stephen KopecSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2022speakerAdvancing open source in FPGA—
Stephen KopecSTAC Summit New York, Fall 2022speakerOpen-Source Pros & Cons in the FPGA Development Flow—
Davor FrankSTAC Summit New York, Spring 2022speakerCan low latency be composed?—
Davor FrankSTAC Summit New York, Spring 2022speakerInline processing of network traffic with FPGAs—
Kieran MansleySTAC Summit London, Spring 2022speakerCan low latency be composed?—
Davor FrankSTAC Summit Chicago, Spring 2022speakerCan low latency be composed?—
Raghu NambiarGlobal STAC Live, Fall 2021speakerAMD EPYC for Confidential Computing—
Michael DetwilerGlobal STAC Live, Fall 2020speakerAMD EPYC: Enabling Solutions for the Modern Datacenter—
Raghu NambiarGlobal STAC Live, Spring 2020speakerHorses for courses: Where to place your computing bets for high-performance analytics—
Ajit MathewsO'Reilly Artificial Intelligence Conference London 2019speaker——